There is an old saying in the crane inspection business that goes like this.  “It is not the crane that wears out and causes wear and failure, it is the poorly trained crane operator that caused wear and failure.”  Same goes for USTs.  You can have two stations built at same time, same equipment, same fuel, and delivery schedule.  One will have relatively few problems and enjoy a long productive life, the other will be full of problems and must prematurely pulled out of service and replaced…………ouch!!!!!!!!!  So, what gives………in today’s world with modern biofuels, the culprit is water and not addressing water effectively and often.  Ask a failure analysis person about corrosion issues in fuel tank systems, and he / she will tell you that water is often close by.
It is the water that help create and accelerate sludge, acid, and delamination. Key components to premature wear and failure. The following list of tools should be employed in every UST Inspector toolbox and field inspection to help:

• Prevent Spills and Leaks
• Discover Small Problems Before They Turn into Big Problems

1.    Fuel Sample Bailer for Measuring Suspended Water 
This device will measure water content in the fuel column that the paste will not detect. The paste does fine job if the tank is perfectly level, and all water has separated out and falling to the bottom…. but with modern fuels, this is rarely the case.  This can be proven out with a Karl Fischer test……again, small problems turn into big problems

2.    Fuel Sample Collection Bottles   
Whether you prefer glass or plastic, the fuel sample from the bailer should be placed in clear bottles.  The inspector should then look for any haze, rust chips, sludge etc.   Hazy / Cloudy fuel means water and more problems to follow.
You might ask why not take the sample from the filter?   The filter can catch the water and then that would not be an accurate reading of water content in the tank.

3.    Water Detection Tablets or Powder 
For those inspectors with suspected poor vision, or just want a quick way to measure if water is suspended in the fuel, these kits are available.  Early detection of suspended water is key to reducing tank cleaning and future damage to the system.

4.    Camera and Notepad for Identifying Contractors That Remove Water from Tank BottomsWhile 40 CFR Parts 280 does not directly state is a violation to have water pumped off tank bottoms, there is a section that states tank owner must report an unexplained presence of water in the tank. § 280.50 And therefore, when an inspector comes across a contractor with this type of equipment, they should ask how water did they pump out and be able to explain how the water got in.  In many cases, if water can get in, fuel can get out. 
As far as this author can tell, section § 280.50 is rarely used, but tank pump outs are commonplace.

5.    Phone Number for State Inspector of Fuel Quality

While each state has slightly different rules and techniques for measuring water contamination, they do share a common goal of ensuring consumers are receiving contamination free fuel.These departments also detect and record which stations have had violations for excess water in the fuel delivery.  So, for the inspector who wants to see less corrosion and less damage to the fuel system and make their job easier, call you state inspection office and ask for:
a)    Where are the geographical hotspots for water contamination?
b)   What time of the year do they see the most violations for water contamination?
c)    What fuels have the most water contamination Diesel, Gas, Bio Blends?
d)   Where are the repeat offenders? And can I see their history?
e)    Do they follow NIST 130? Or do they use their own measurement? 

6.   Inspect Dispenser and Contractors Service Vehicle Storage, If Possible, to Determine What Filters Are Deployed? 
​While this may sound invasive, it is a key indicator to determine if there are water problems.

1. If a station has several types of filters under dispenser and they are all the “Particulate Type”

 
A good question to ask owner is:
a) Are you using such type of filters because you have never detected water? If the answer is yes, then the inspector should take extra efforts to measure the presence of water.
b) Are you using such type of filters because contractor recommends such filters?

If the answer is yes, then the inspector should take extra efforts to educate the contractor on the risks of corrosion and resin compatibility as it applies to tank damage.

c) If upon inspection of Contractors Service Vehicle, the inspector discovers multiple types of water detecting or blocking filters.  Good questions to ask are:

d)  Why do you carry so many types of water blocking or water detecting filters?  While the contractor might not tell you, it is a good indicator of water problems.

e) How often do you change out filters on planned maintenance on planned maintenance schedule?  Quarterly, Biannual or Annual.  If the contractor responds annually, then inspector should take extra efforts to look deeper into inspecting for presence of water.

7.    Filter Cutter Opener and a Magnet
​One picture tells a thousand words.  A filter cutter opener, which can be readily purchased on Amazon for under $100.00.  (We use the Longacre brand) can tell inspector a lot about the condition of tanks.
On the diesel filter, the inspectors should look for RUST Chips!!!!!  Often the rust chips might be embedded in sludge or coffee grinds looking stuff………a magnet will confirm both metal and presence of water.
Also, the inspectors should look for good ol’ nasty and gooey sludge.  A sure sign of presence of water.  This sludge can also create an acid which directly relates to deterioration of the fuel system.

8.  Anti-Seize Product

​For any inspector who struggles with clamps, knobs or bolts on lifting sump lids or inspection plates, water and acid vapor contribute to the corrosion that makes the device not easy to remove.
 
Go ahead and apply a little on threads……. this will make everyone’s job easier.

9. Non-Methylene Chloride Paint Stripper – Soy Based Paint Stripper.

​Since the problems of rusted STP motors came around in the mid 2000’s, manufacturers and contractors have attempted to protect such devices with paints and coatings.  While it looks pretty and one can say they followed manufacturers recommendations, the acid vapors in the fuel system will deteriorate these coatings……including coating designed or aircrafts and applied properly.  One these coating crack or peel, the water and acid vapors like to creep in and make some of nastiest corrosion known to mankind that can really wreak havoc.
 
 
Even properly applied paint on properly prepped surfaces has rust breaking through.
So, if you see paint peeling, chipping, or cracking, my advice is to remove it slowly and safely and then treat is with a true corrosion inhibitor that stands up to acid vapors.   For safety reasons, choose a Non-Methylene Chloride Paint Stripper. These types of chemicals work by breaking the adhesion bond and not eating the coating.  So, it might take a few days for it to work, then simply scrape or brush off with brass and properly dispose of.  We have good luck with Soy Based Strippers and patience is the key.

10.  Water Blocking Gel or Gaskets

In 40 CFR 280 under section n § 280.36 Periodic operation and maintenance walkthrough inspections. There is a clause that states every 30 days spill prevention equipment must be inspected and that on must remove liquid or debris……and this covers spill buckets and water.
And since no parking lots are perfectly level and delivery drivers are known not to be gentle on spill bucket lids, water is going to creep in.
So, help yourself and your customers by making efforts to block water from entering the spill buckets and eventually the tank.  One simple and cost-effective method is to employ water blocking gels and gaskets. These tools are particularly effective when spill buckets are located are located near snow piles or drains from canopies

​In summary, water directly and indirectly causes damage to fuel systems which increases the chances of a release.  So, we recommend filling your inspector toolbox up with the proper tools to address water and employ early and often.

​Author, Dan Jenkins – principal with Steel Camel

​Hello Everyone In UST Inspection World: Now that it has started to rain in Florida every day and other parts of the country are getting some heavy downpours, I wanted to take a minute to review parts of 40 CFR regulations regarding liquid in containment sumps and spill buckets.

40 CFR Parts 280 and 281 Revising Underground Storage Tank Regulations--

 
§ 280.36 Periodic operation and maintenance walkthrough inspections. (a) To properly operate and maintain UST systems, not later than October 13, 2018 owners and operators must meet one of the following:
 
(1) Conduct a walkthrough inspection that, at a minimum, checks the following equipment as specified below: (i) Every 30 days (Exception: spill prevention equipment at UST systems receiving deliveries at intervals greater than every 30 days may be checked prior to each delivery):
 
(A) Spill prevention equipment— visually check for damage; remove liquid or debris; check for and remove obstructions in the fill pipe; check the fill cap to make sure it is securely on the fill pipe;

In the photos, you will see the liquid which must be removed. Some questions for UST Inspectors and Station Owners can be:

How is the liquid being remove what is the process to properly dispose of it.

Is the liquid mostly fuel or water? or combination of both? How does one  make the determination?

Is there any correlation between this visible water, and water entering the tank? If so, Is fuel being visually inspected by a trained employee?

If the station is employing a contractor to remove the liquid? If so, are they making attempts to prevent such breaches?

There is a saying amongst accident investigators, if foreign liquid or water can enter the tank.....then there is possibilities fuel can exit the tank. Despite have secondary containment......water caused corrosion is still a risk should be nipped.

If the water is coming though the lids, an option might be to check out Steel Camel's line of water blocking doughs, gels and flexible gaskets.

Should any inspector, station owner or contractor wish to learn more about prevention of water intrustion, water caused corrosion and fuel contamination as it applies this regulation, contact Steel Camel. www.steelcamel.com

 
So, you are driving a big load across the country and you stop at several truck stops along way to refuel… …… everything is fine,  and then a fuel filter / water warning light of some form on the dashboard appears and you are forced to pay attention. While not an emergency, it is certainly a concern, particularly to truck owners who hate being down with big repair bills.
 
So, you get out the truck or take it to a mechanic and drain the water.  It is usually a pet cock valve on the bottom of the filter, and the water is easily drained into a jar for proper disposal.  This no big deal, unless you are having to do it weekly or every 5,000 miles or so.
So, you ask your yourself… How did this happen?

• Did I leave the fuel cap off?
• Did I pick water up from a truck stop? If so which one?
• Is there a leak in my fuel system where water is getting in?
• Or, is just condensation building up?

 
To help truck owners avoid such problems, let’s dive a little deeper into the subject water in fuel.
 
Why Is Water Content in Fuel So Bad for My Truck?

1. With modern engines under higher pressures, water can and will be abrasive to fuel injector components and cause premature wear.
2. Water is an ingredient in sludge……not only with sludge cause filter plugging issues, but it can lead to corrosion and have thus cause additional problems on rust chips entering into the system.
3. Water cannot be compressed. The less compression, the less fuel is completely burned and the less power the truck will have.

 
How Does Water Build Up in My Tanks?
While this can take subject can take up the whole article, we will list a few reasons.

1. Truck Stops, particularly busy ones get lots of deliveries.  Therefore, it they have lots of fuel exiting their tanks. This means lots of air is drawn into the tank and with this air, comes moisture.  Also, quite often there is some water flow into the tank at delivery time, knowingly or unknowingly.

 
And since, truckers hate to wait around while pumping gas or slow pumps, the fuel is moved at up to 20 gpm per pump.  At that flow rate, it is just really hard to block all the water from entering the tank.

1. Condensation,  most truckers know condensation very well, from shower room mirrors to water build up headlight lenses all the way to water forming on a cold beverage can, condensation is abound.  Fuel Tanks are no different: changes in temperature will cause condensation for form inside the tank.  This is particularly true for truckers who drive through rapid climate changes.

Since changes in fuel laws in the mid 2000’s, there has been many changes in fuel chemistry to meet the demands of Alternative / Green Fuel Requirements.  The trend of greener fuels such as Bio Diesel will continue and will leave out any discussion or arguments on energy independence or clean air regulations for another day. Due these greener fuels, the makeup has more organics such as corn, sugar, palm leaves, soybeans and animal parts.  Many folks run their trucks on refined restaurant cooking oil grease.  Those qualities are great for cleaner air, but also create the problem of water bonding to the alcohols, or the water / fuel combination is hydrophilic. This issue, with agitation over long trips creates the cloudy condition.
 
What if My Fuel is Clear, But I Still Have to Drain Water in My Fuel Bowl?
In many situations, the water will separate and fall to the bottom.  In these cases, you fuel filter may not be able to catch it all, so the water ends up passing onto the fuel injector and combustion chamber and that can mean big trouble down the road.
 
What Are My Options to Control The Water in My Fuel System?
 

1. Choose The Right Fuel Filter…If That Is an Option?

 
 It is a given the engine manufacturer want to sell you their OEM parts. So often, it is difficult to change the filter brand or type you purchase.  They do this through special configurations, threads, tools and other means. Fortunately, there is the Magnuson Act which allows for aftermarket parts that won’t void the warranty.  So, in choosing an aftermarket filter for water purposes,  consider the following.

• Which one holds the most water?
• Which one swells the best to alert the operator of excess water in the tank?
• Which one provide the most durability to hold up to excess water?
• This test can be done by cutting a few filters open and soaking them in water for 30 minutes.

 Yes this takes a little time and money to research,  but a whole lot less than a fuel injector job and three days of no work.
 

1. Remove Water from Your Tanks Yourself………..Early and Often.

 
Truckers know that being stranded away from home is a terrible experience. So, one way to avoid this in association with fuel problems is to remove water that settles in the tank.  The independent / owner operator has several choices.

1. Absorbent Socks

 
 In a nutshell, it looks like an industrial Tampon and the sock with a rope that is inserted into the truck tank when idle for a day or more.  The water will migrate to the sock and absorb into the chemistry.  Then pull the sock out and place into a container or let it hang in a garage to air dry.  Not all socks are created equal so you will have to consider:

• Performance
• Length, Diameter so if is inserted and removed without problems.
• Durability

 

1.  Portable Fuel Filtration Systems

These devices, operated by both battery and electric allow the independent / owner operator to take command.  It is basically a pump and motor, few hoses and fuel filter that will circulate the fuel in a loop and remove the water in the filter.  Some come in large cases, others come in the form of dolly carts.  Choose the one that fits your needs best.

 
Summary
 
Don’t let water in your fuel system wreck your fuel injectors, schedule, budgets and bottom line.  Pay attention to the water in the fuel filter bowl and lights on the dash and then tackle it, before it tackles you.
 
Author:
Dan Jenkins is a principal with Steel Camel, a manufacturer and distributor of water control products.

​While the act of locking guns in gun safes protects the guns from theft, this act also traps in moisture which can wreak havoc on metals, wood and valuables. So, to prevent havoc and worrying, we have created a document to review technologies and help gun owners tackle the moisture phenomenon.
 
The Problem:  Temperature Change & Condensation
If you have ever touched a cold mirror after a hot shower or touched a side of the glass of ice tea on a hot day,  you will notice condensation.   In the gun safe world, this condensation forms as well when the safe is exposed to temperature swings.  Most safes with condensation problems are the ones in garages, hunting cabins and ones hidden in walls with little insulation.  For the safes kept in temperature-controlled houses or offices, the problem is less, but still can exist.

Rust: Metal is negative and when exposed to condensation, the water droplets will act as an electrolyte and start an oxidation process which will lead to rust.  It is this process which can wreak havoc on both interior and exterior parts of guns. 
 
Oil Based Protection (CLP) : Since the invention of metal in the bronze age that was used for protective armor, man has tried many barrier type methods and types of oils to keep the moisture off the metal.  In the beginning, it was animal fat, then vegetable oil.  In the last 200 years,  petroleum oil has been used a barrier and many companies still use such formulas today with a few formulation twists.  for cleaning and lubricating.  Petroleum oil and greases are quite inexpensive, and manufacturers can create additive packages such as perfumes,  cleaners to break down carbon build up and nonstick coatings to prevent build up.  These all are fine and dandy, except the greases and oils can “dehydrate” and breakdown over time and thus leave the metal exposed.  More on this subject on a future post.  In addition, another problem with greases and oils as a barrier is they can act a dirt and debris magnet, thus creating its own set up problems…….particularly in the mechanical parts and barrels.
So, experience tells us that for Cleaning, Lubricating and Protecting (CLP) of firearms it is really hard to find a great balance of all three…….so buyer beware.
 
Solutions to Moisture in Safes
So, if you go to gun shows, cruise the internet or visit gun stores seeking gun safe moisture solutions, you will probably end up with three main choices which that include:
 

1. Desiccant Adsorbent – made from nature’s own Silica Sand Beads, often accompanied by a fan and a drip tray.
2. Heating Rods
3. Synthetic Desiccants with Expanding Polymers made by Steel Camel.

 
Let’s Break Them Down with Pros and Cons.

1. Silica Sand Beads with a Fan and Drip Tray.  Like the oil, Silica Sand is remarkably plentiful and inexpensive.  Throw in a fan, battery compartment and plug in a plastic housing, you can purchase these devices for under $35.00 all day long.  Even ammo manufacturers like Hornady and Remington have jumped in. The Silica Beads work by adsorbing moisture (different than absorbing moisture).  The moisture in the safe is drawn to the beads by the air movement from the fan, the moisture then sticks to the surface of beads until fully saturated, then fall off into a drip tray.  The tray is them emptied by hand or automatically upon filling up.  Additionally, a color code change will often let the user know when it’s time to change.

​ 

1. Heating Rods

 
Taken from the boot drying industry, a heating element is placed horizontally at the bottom of the safe and a constant flow of warm air is dispensed 24 hours a day into the safe.  The principle works by taking the warm moist air and rising it up and out of the safe where it can do little damage.
The temperature ranges from 120-130F, a little too hot to hold, but not enough to burn. In order for this unit to work, it must have two holes, one for the electric cord or outlet, and one for the vent.

​Pros:

1. Inexpensive
2. Low maintenance

Cons: 

1. Heats your room a few degrees..not good if the safe is inside the house.
2. Warm Air can affect insulation and fire-retardant material of the safe.
3. Not applicable for smaller safes or ammo boxes.
4. Unit can be unplugged unknowingly and if not checked, can lead to problems.
5. Insects can enter through holes…yuk.
6. Excessive heat can damage plastics and other sensitive material.
7. Excessive heat can thin out oils and reduce corrosion protection and lubrication properties.

 

 

1. Expanding Polymers

 
Taken from the hydraulic oil and fuel industry, this product called Moisture Hog by Steel Camel is a new entry into the desiccant market works much different than Silica Sand beads and other organic material. Instead of adsorbing moisture and sticking to beads where the moisture is still present, this product actually absorbs moisture and makes it inert.  See video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U6kIsGj9X8&t=5s&ab_channel=SteelCamel
​
 
This desiccant technology comes in an opaque bag of various sizes depending on the volume of air in the safe.  While the Silica relies on a fan to draw in the moisture, Moisture Hog utilizes a powerful chemistry to attract and draw in the moisture. As the moisture is drawn in and captured, the bag with expand and blow up like the Pillsbury Doughboy. When blown up, it is time to change out and get a new bag.
 

​Pros:

1. Effective and not just reducing humidity, but also effective at reducing condensation.
2. The swollen bag indicator is easy for safe owner to detect when to change.
3. No batteries, no chords, and no issues with heat damage.
4. Chemistry holds 100 times it weight which is about 50-75 times more than Silica sand beads.
5. Multiple sizes for all sizes of safes and ammo boxes.
6. Simple Installations, just place in middle of safe on shelf or hang. Position doesn’t matter.
7. Easy to take with you if you put guns in a case for travel.
8. Super large bags available for giant safes.
9. Comparison Testing Available.

  
 
 Size  L x W                  Volume Cu. Ft.                               # per case

 1” x 2”                     1-2’                                                            25

 2” x 2”                      3’                                                               25

 3” x 3”                      4-5’                                                           10

 7” x7”                      9-10’                                                          10

22” x 24’”          Dependent                                                      3

 
Cons:

1. Higher upfront costs.
2. No or limited regeneration.

 
Conclusion:
Moisture caused corrosion can wreak havoc or even destroy your firearms and ammo in enclosed containers if not properly addressed.  For the best practices, choose the best drying system that is safe, lasts a long time, has few bells and whistles, desiccates the greatest volume of air and affords the gun owner the most piece of mind.
 
For more details,  please contact Steel Camel @ sales@steelcamel.com or  visit www.steelcamel.com

Boats are supposed to be for pleasure…….that is why the boating industry coined the phrase “Pleasure Boating” and taking a “Pleasure Cruise”.  However, since the congressional acts some 13 years ago that brought in Ethanol Blended Fuel into the marine market,  many “Pleasure Cruises” and Family Boating outings have turned sour due to water contaminated fuel.  Even if the serious boater purchases “Rec Fuel” which contains no alcohol,  there still can be water contaminated problems.
This article / blog post will help shed some light on what causes such problems and what boaters and service techs can do to minimize the problems.  First, let’s explore some issues.
 
How Does Water Get Outboard Motor Fuel Tanks?

1.  Gas Station Fuel Fill Ups.  Most gas stations tanks both get water in the delivery (known or unknown) and accumulate some their own in many ways including condensation as ground temperature is different than ambient temperature.    The vents also can take in moisture, particularly at busy stations with high throughput.  Gas Stations are receive water through spill buckets and delivery drivers in a hurry

• Fill Caps. For one reason or another, the fill cap for many pleasure and fishing boats sits horizontal, often on the gunnel.   This scenario can test the best of designs and gasket technology…….even with a raised receptacle.  Heavy rains and splashing can show no mercy, and water can creep in.

​
​Why Is My Fuel Cloudy Sometimes, But Other Times Clear?

•  Specific Gravity. Water has a specific gravity of one, and the alcohol and fuel components are less than one.  So conventional wisdom says that water should sink and settle to the bottom. With the ethanol blends comes alcohol from corn or sugar.  It is this alcohol molecule that can bond to the water molecule and cause the water droplets do not become heavy enough to sink, thus you have hazy fuel.

• Agitation.   Boats that run frequently or in choppy water can stir the water molecules and cause them to “hang” in the fuel column.

 ​

• Additive Packages.   Todays modern fuels have additive packages from either the refinery or the terminal.  Some additives include a) cold flow improvers b) defoamers c) detergents and d) performance enhancers.  These coupled with aftermarket additives can create some unintended consequences which can contribute to hazy fuel.

 

What Is So Bad About Suspended Water in My Fuel????
 

•  Performance.   Lack for full fuel burn and reduced compression.   Fuel needs to be at its hottest temperature to completely burn and work as it is supposed to.  But water cannot be compressed, and water will not burn. These factors lead to black smoke, loss of power and hard starts.

 

• Abrasion. Suspended water can also cause damage to metal parts through abrasion.    Just look at river rocks that are round from hundreds of thousands of gallons water running over it and you will see a smooth abrasion.  Now take water and force it under pressure. Over time, water caused abrasion can wear components down.

 

• Corrosion.  Water molecules can sit in various parts of the fuel system and cause damage. The corrosion damage can also be on Steel and Fiberglass…..no material is spared.   This is also in part due the microbes in the organic corn and sugar can excrete an acid, which also can contribute to a lower pH and accelerate corrosion.

 

But What if I Already Have Fuel Water Separators to Catch Water? Won’t That Stop Water Entering My Engine?
 
Not all fuel water separators work the same or catch all the water.  Yes, you can buy a nice exterior fuel water separator that is easy to install, and has a clear bowl to let you know the water has been caught.  However, what this type of filter does not tell you is how much water was able to get through to the engine.  One principal used by fuel water separator manufacturer’s is called “coalescing” or the use of a coalescer.  This technique takes small droplets and has actions to form them into bigger droplets, which when are directed to the outside of the filter housing.  This water then falls down to a bowl and is easily drained with a pet cock valve.  So, if you have such a fuel water separator, and you are experiencing poor performance, hard starts or black smoke, plus injector damage, it might that small water droplets are passing through and wreaking havoc.

So, What Are Some Steps I Can Take to Prevent and Remove Water, So I Don’t End Up With Water Contaminated Hazy Fuel in My Outboard Engine?

1. Block Water From Entering Through Fuel Cap.  Use Steel Camel’s AquaBlokker, water absorbing and grease every around the cap every time you fill.  For about a dollar a fill, you can save yourself a lot of headaches.  The grease also helps prevent wear and makes caps easier to get on and off.

 

• Choose Your  Exterior Water Separating Fuel Filters Wisely and Avoid Glass Collection Bowls Where You Can.  Some factors you should consider are:
•  How much water does the water separator hold?   There is a huge difference between 4 ounces of water and 10 ounces of water in the same size filter.

 

•  How well does the plugging feature work to alert the operator of troubles in the tank.  A filter should begin to reduce flow as it fills up with water and debris to.  Some swell better than others.  While changing a plugged filter can be bothersome, it sure beats engine damage and or being stranded.

 ​

•  If your boat sits for a long time and the fuel is dropped straight into the tank without an elbow or anti-theft device,   you can drop a Steel Camel water absorbing sock into the tank.   Let it sit for a few days and it will attract and hold water.  Simply pull it out and hang it in a warm dry place, and it can be reused after a few weeks.

• Consider a water absorbing filtering fuel transfer pump kit.  This consists of a explosion proof, gasoline rated transfer pump such a the Fill Rite RD 8, fuel rated hoses, grounding straps and battery connectors.   You will need a few adjustments / bushings to tie into the inlet hose going into the engine, and the outlet hose will go back into the fill port.  Run it for 30-60 minutes and you should be good to go.

​ 

Summary:
 
Water is meant swimming in pools, drinking, cooking, washing, sustaining life and many other great things. It has no good reason to be in outboard motor fuel tanks.  Whether you are a boat dealer, marina, boat captain or service repair shop,  pay attention to water and your headaches will go away.
 

By Dan Jenkins, Accident Prevention Specialist for Steel Camel.
 
Short of a fueling station blowing up and / or catching on fire, there is nothing worse for station owners than a release of fuel into the public drinking water supply. Although it is very infrequent that these events occur, it does happen.  So therefore, it is best for UST regulators stay aggressive and encourage “best preventative maintenance practices” so the chances of release are significantly minimized.  This is particularly true in today’s environment with the advent of new fuels that have not been fully demonstrated to perform against corrosion in both new and old tank equipment.  There is a saying amongst accident investigators, “small problems turn into big problem and  small corrosion spots can turn into corrosion holes.”
 
We have compiled a list of seven tips to help regulators and inspectors identify and correct commonly found corrosion issues….all of which are directly or indirectly related to water intrusion and many found in the latest version of 40 CFR 280.   
 

For reference purposes, we have taken some meaningful text from both the EPA OUST website and specific language from the standard itself.
 
When a test or inspection occurs, owners and operators may find problems with the UST system. When a test or inspection indicates a problem, owners and operators must repair the problem to remain in compliance with this final UST regulation. Section 280.33 of this final UST regulation describes repair requirements for UST systems.
 
§ 280.36 Periodic operation and maintenance walkthrough inspections. (a) To properly operate and maintain UST systems, not later than October 13, 2018 owners and operators must meet one of the following: (1) Conduct a walkthrough inspection that, at a minimum, checks the following equipment as specified below:
 

1. Every 30 days (Exception: spill prevention equipment at UST systems receiving deliveries at intervals greater than every 30 days may be checked prior to each delivery): (A) Spill prevention equipment— visually check for damage; remove liquid or debris;

 
§ 280.43 Methods of release detection for tanks
 
(6) The measurement of any water level in the bottom of the tank is made to the nearest one-eighth of an inch at least once a month.
 
§ 280.50 Reporting of suspected releases. Owners and operators of UST systems must report to the implementing agency within 24 hours, or another reasonable period specified by the implementing agency, and follow the procedures in § 280.52 for any of the following conditions: (a) (b) Unusual operating conditions observed by owners and operators (such an unexplained presence of water in the tank,
 

​TIP #1 – Better Understand thE Definition of Damage
 
The 40 CFR 280 standard states owners must check for damage, but standard does not define what damage is………only if the equipment isn’t working properly and in need of repair.  Also, the standard does also does not identify a measurement for corrosion, it left up to owners and inspectors to make that call.   Here is a good rule of thumb to use that was eloquently explained by federal judge Potter Stewart as he attempted to explain "hard-core" pornography, or what is obscene, by saying, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced... “but I know it when I see it “...

TIP #2 –  MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THE STATE DEPARTMENT OVERSEEING FUEL QUALITY INSPECTIONS
 
This department is generally handled by Departments of Agriculture and they are important because these inspectors conduct tests for both free water and suspended water under the standard of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 130.

​This test calls for inspector to execute a test which draws fuel from the tank and inspect for clarity. If the fuel is not clear, it is primarily due to suspended water.  Suspended water causes corrosion problems to both the tank, internal parts, piping and risers…..both in steel and FRP tanks.  When regulators find station owners who repeatedly fail these visual tests, it makes sense to dig deeper why are these tanks having suspended water issues.
 

​ 
Tip #3.    Dig Deeper into Alarms Caused by Free Water
 
While many contractors and station owner report all the alarms for high water level that go off, it is a good practice for regulators to investigate why such alarms do go off.   40 FR 280.50 requires that station owners explain the presence of excessive free water in the tank?   Remember, if water can get into a tank, there are chances fuel can be release from a tank.
 
 
Tip# 4.   Dig Deeper to Why There is Excess Water in Sumps?
 
Section 280.36 states sumps and spill bucket container must have liquid removed and if one digs deeper into the EPA OUST writings, they imply spill containers must be free of liquid.  Inspectors should attempt to determine what percentage is water and what percentage is fuel.
Is the lid or receptacle damaged?, was the lid improperly installed? Is there a crack in the lining?  Or does the situation call simply for water blocking agents? Whatever the problem, regulators should do their best to help station owner correct the problem.

​ 
Tip# 5.   Dig Deeper to Why There is Excess Water in Spill Buckets?
 
 
Just like tip #4,   Excess water in spill buckets leads to problems. The same goes for inspection and installation of lids, however this tip features a whole new dynamic….delivery drivers.  While the majority of drivers are professional, there is always a few bad apples who do not put lids on correctly or allow water to enter into openings.  While these drivers are regulated under the Department of Transportation, its wise to find and interact with all delivery drivers and educate them on the importance of keeping tanks and containment devices free of water.
 

​TIP #6 – Advocate to Avoid Paint or Coatings in Sumps
 
While it is perfectly legal for contractors to repaint turbine motors and piping to make them  “oh so pretty,” there are often times numerous problems with paint in containment sumps.
 

1. Paint can cover corrosion making proper inspection difficult.
2. Paint can crack, thus allowing water to creep under the paint making more corrosion.
3. Paint can make fasteners difficult to remove, thus requiring more powerful tools, which creates safety hazards.  This is particularly true in emergencies.
4. Paint has difficulty adhering to comprised surfaces, thus often leading to peeling.
5. Paint often requires a super clean surface to adhere.  Anyone who has looked at sumps over the last 13 years that there are very few super clean surfaces.

 

 
Tip # 7   Ask to The See Used Fuel Filters Bin.
 
 
While inspectors typically do not go this far, it might be wise to investigate these filters particularly if the station has history of alarms, repairs and fuel quality issues etc.  The insides guts of filters can tell you a lot such as
 

1. Is there rust being collected by the filter? If so, that is a warning sign of component wear.
2. Is there lots of sludge collected by the filter?  If so, that is a sign of water present and

excessive sludge can lead to corrosion hot spots.

1. Is there water in the tank, but the station is only using particulate filters?  If so, that is a sign that station owner is transferring water to consumers cars…………never a good thing…….

 
If you are interested to learn more about the problems and solutions related to water and USTs, please contact Steel Camel at (813-877-4665). At Steel Camel we want to help regulators, contractors and tank owner avoid the most common and costly tank problems that can lead to a release.
​

​Introduction:
Since water and moisture hover all around us, as well as hover around our computer boards and electrical parts, Circuit Board and Microelectronic manufacturers, assemblers and end users around the world are concerned about the effects of moisture causing corrosion on their products. There are many reasons for this concern, but the main one is board failure which can cause a major accident and or shutdown.  So today, technology savvy companies turn to organizations like the Joint Electron Device Council (JEDEC) and Institute of Printed Circuit (IPC) to build some standards of performance which will help them:

1. Prevent Failures
2. Reduce Defects
3. Increase Productivity
4. Improve Performance

 
Today, JEDEC publishes a standard,  J-STD-033, which provides guidance for reducing moisture during the handling, shipping, and storing on Moistures Sensitive Devices (MSD).  In this standard, it states that MSDs must be stored in dry packs consisting of desiccant material and a Humidity Indicator Card (HIC), sealed with the MSD packaged inside a Moisture Barrier Bag (MBB).

 
Additionally,  the J-STD-033 goes on to reference which type of desiccant material should be used in the Dry Pack by referencing the desiccant referenced by the US Military specification, Mil-d- 3464.  If one digs deep into this mil spec, as this author has done, one will find the spec refers to an adsorbent type of desiccant, not an absorbent type of desiccant………………….big difference!  Also, for those who wish to dig a little deeper into the desiccant, you find out that Mil Spec d-3464 was written in 1967……………a lot has changed in circuit boards and microelectronics since that time……….so has the technology in desiccants. So, it wise for engineers to perform comparison tests to determine efficacy and performance.
In previous posts and videos we have highlighted the differences and characteristics of adsorbents and absorbents:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U6kIsGj9X8&t=15s.   This post / article will examine how engineers and quality control managers can test and evaluate the performance of  each desiccants bag technology so they can make the best decisions when it comes time package, store and maintain critical MSDs.
 

 
What Tests Should Engineers Perform?
​
There are basically four main tests that should be performed to determine the efficacy of different desiccant bags.

1. Humidity Chamber Test
2. Windowsill or Heat Lamp Test
3. Package Shipment Test
4. Specific Environmental Conditions

 

1. Humidity Chamber Test

Whether you own you own humidity chamber,  or you contract out with an accredited lab, the humidity chamber settings should be as follows.
Test the materials at 25 degC (=/- 1degC) at a range of humidity from 20-80%RH.  Start at 20% increments (20-40-60-80) and retest if there is any concern with smaller increments. The humidity tolerance will be +/- 2%RH. **
The tester should take equal weight Silica Bead and Expanding Polymeric bags and test for and record the following.

1. Which bag saturated first and or which bag continued to increase weight?
2. How long after the first bag stopped increasing weight did the second bag continue to increase weight?
3. How much weight did each bag increase?

 
**This test procedure was supplied to Steel Camel by the engineer at the US Army.

2. Windowsill or Heat Lamp Test In this test, the engineer should take an absorbent bag (Polymeric)  and adsorbent bag (Silica), the secure them both to two separate jar lids (tape or string) and then deposit a ¼ teaspoon of water in the bottom of the jar and close the lid.  Let the jars sit in a windowsill that gets sun for three to five days and record the findings.

1. Which jar had the least humidity on the sides.
2. Which jar had the least free water on the bottom.

3.  Shipping TestIn this test, you take an absorbent bag and adsorbent bag and place them in an MBB along with a HIC.  Additionally, you introduce a few drops of water in the bag.  You then mail the bags to various facilities in your organization or vendors you trust and ask them to open the MBB and record the findings of the HIC and the condition of the bag and its insides.  Then ship the same set up back to your facility and record the findings.  This test is valuable for companies that have multiple shipments of parts,  particularly if they ship overseas.
 
4. Specific Environment Test In this test, the engineer would test the different bags in the MBB’s in harsh environments which their equipment will encounter.  For example,  a non airconditioned in warehouse in Florida can get quite humid in the summer times.  Additional scenarios in include locations where temperatures can change over 35 degrees in a single day such as Denver, CO, or Chicago IL.   Marine environments, glass atriums and frozen climates like Alaska can all be great places to conduct tests to help determine what type of bag offers the greatest control of moisture. The engineer should use the HIC card and the changes of weights of the different bags to help determine which bag provides the best results.

Additional comparison tests engineers can perform:

1. Desorption Test:  How much moisture is released from the bag after it reaches saturation? 

This is important for critical parts that will sit for long periods of time.

1. Volume of Air Desiccated:  How much air can be desiccated in volume by each type of bag.   This is important for many reasons.

 

1. Companies can add more critical parts per package thus reducing labor and increase economies of scale.
2. Companies can reduce packaging and packaging disposal costs.

In this test, the engineer will need a specific area of an enclosed space such a dry box used by manufacturers and assemblers.
 
Conclusion:
I think we all can agree that desiccants play an important role in protecting critical parts from moisture causing corrosion in enclosed spaces.  And, I think we can all agree that new technology comes around from time to time which proves to increase performance and productivity of specific processes…….remember the automobile replacing the horseless carriage and the cell phones maps replacing the paper maps?   Finally, I think we call agree that marketers and advertisers can stretch the truth and use words that prove to be a contradictory in terms.

Therefore, it is up to engineers to use their skills to determine the performance of specific products for specific applications to help their companies increase productivity and reliability, as well as reduce risk.  We hope the above described tests will prove valuable to individual companies and the entire industry.

References:
J-STD-033
Mil Spec D 3464
US Army Packaging, Storage, and Containerization Center (PSCC)
​IPC-1601A
 
Steel Camel
www.steelcamel.com
813-877-4665

Service calls for rental companies of diesel equipment which involve hard starts, black smoke ( CA) and fuel injector problems is a royal pain in the butt.  Steel Camel has put forth a presentation which explains the role of water management in Tier 4, High Pressure Common Rail Engines.  The presentation review common best practices as well as some common mistakes fleet owner make.

The presentation can be found here:
Click here
Click here

​ 
Oh Vey!!!  Another sump and spill bucket water alarm goes off after a big rain or snow melt means another phone call from the gas station to the contractor. Unfortunately for the station owner, this means unwanted money spent on removal, storage, transporting and disposal of Petroleum Contact Water or PCW.  Additional headaches for the station owner include

1. The Vac Truck or Service Van takes up valuable room need for paying customers
2. Greater chances of water entering the tanks which means more parts and labor spent on changing filters
3.  Answering to state fuel quality standards under the “clear and bright” test should fuel be shown to be “cloudy.”

 

​In the old days, station owners could just pump the water out and pour into the flower bed.  But have many stations have learned the hard way…….contaminated flower beds and the soil underneath the beds is not only bad news from state environmental regulators, but big money when it comes time for an environmental assessment from banks and property owners.  Additionally, many states a local government flat out forbid this practice and heavy fines or citations can be issued.  If one takes a look at the EPA standard - 40 CFR Part 280, there is a specific section, 280.36, which states containment sumps and spill buckets shall be kept free of liquid and debris. And for those who inspect and maintain such equipment, they must make notes if liquid and debris are present.
 
To reduce these problems, today’s savvy station owners are upgrading lids, leveling parking lots, raising concrete and containment areas, building new fuel pads etc. to combat water intrusion.  That is great if the station has plenty of money, but even still, mother nature can wreak havoc.  Fortunately, there is new technology from Steel Camel in the forms of water blocking gels, doughs and impregnated gaskets that offers a new and safe method to block water. The products are easily and safely applied by hand, and also easy to dispose of.  This technology allows station owners either to have trained employees apply the product, or hire the service contractor supplying 30-day inspection services to apply the product.

​ 
But What About the Contractors Who Make Money Removing, Storing, Transporting and Disposing of Water?
 
Yes, there are some really good and reputable service and environmental companies that do a great job of removing, hauling and properly disposing water.  Some make over $1.75 a gallon and have minimum charges of $600.00, and up to $800.00 in large metropolitan areas.  While this may look good to the contractor from a billing standpoint,  there are several problems with this model.  Let’s take a look at just a few: 

​ 

1. Wear and Tear on the Truck and Transmission:…….who wants to drive around with 1500 lbs. of sloshing liquid.  And who wants to climb hills or offramps with this amount of weight, not to mention the extra weight wears our brakes.

 

1. DOT Permits.  Since contractors are hauling a regulated hazardous substance, DOT permits are required for all drivers. Additionally, with DOT and other state environmental regulations, contractors have to keep proper paperwork on file, and this takes up valuable time.

 

1. Unloaded at Contractor’s Facility:  Now that the contractor has removed the fuel and put in their truck, they have to unload at their facility into a regulated storage tank…….this takes up both valuable time, which often times could be better spent servicing customers.  Not to mention the paperwork.

 

1. Storage:  while storing 3 -10,000 gallons of used / contaminated oil and fuels, might not be a big deal to contractors, it can be a very big deal to the landowner and property insurance companies.  Often times and extra fee for risks is accessed to the contractor.

 
 

​So… What Is The Answer for Contractors……….to pick up or block the water?
Since the implementation of EPA 40 CFR 280 standard and the introduction of Steel Camel water blocking technology, many of today’s savvy contractors are finding it more economical and a lot less headaches to provide blocking products and services rather remove and haul services.  This is particularly true for those contractors who perform a) 30 day inspections, and b) see value in selling products off the truck during the service calls or inspections.  And example of this is a contractor who see’s current and forecasted rain and they know they won’t be returning for 30 days, they sell a few tubes of Steel Camel AquaBlok Gel to Independent owners and operator who are willing to take 15 minutes to apply the product in exchange for no alarms going off and no bills for removal and disposal.
​
For more information and the Steel Camel guide to blocking water, please contact 813-877-4665.

​​Since the first containment sumps were required some 30 years ago,  station owners, inspectors and contractors have struggled to keep water out of the sumps during big rains and snow melts……….particularly in our home state of Florida where it rains ping pong ball droplets for 4o minutes…….all summer long. This matter has increased importance since state and federal rules 40 CFR Part 280 now mandate that containment sumps must be kept free of all liquids and debris.

The simplest answer is for a station owner to obtain a well-made lid and a matching well-made rubber gasket and then forget about it!  Unfortunately, that situation doesn’t always work for a variety of reasons including:
​

• Un-even parking lots
• Sump location in a low spot
• Water pouring off canopy to overwhelm sump
• Poor installation technique
• Chipped or worn receptacle

 
Even with well made lids and matching gaskets, there are other issues such as excessive temperatures that cause expansions and cracks of concrete and metal. Some station owner are going to the lengths of rising the concrete an inch or two…….still, big rains are no match.

​So with water intrusion station owner have to take extra steps to avoid compliance violations, alarms and the high cost of water removal, storing, transporting and disposal.  Speaking of disposal fees, In today’s world the larger “Vac Trucks” are requiring a $500 minimum to come pump out a 100 gallons.
In todays world, there are a few options, 1) Rubber mats that act as a physical topical barrier. And 2), water blocking gels, doughs and gaskets where go underneath the lids and block water through both physical attributes and chemistry.  Lets explore further.
 
Rubber Mats can be purchased online and run anywhere form $50-80 for one 44” mat They weigh about 25 pounds and have a tendency to get heavier the more they soak up rain.

The benefits are they will block the water over a long time if left un disturbed and everything works according to plan…………..but we are talking gas stations and lots of traffic.
The drawbacks  of rubber mats are many including:

• They get stolen…….hard to block water when they are not present
• They tear..thus reducing effectiveness
• They warp and get disfigured…. thus reducing effectiveness
• They have tendency to get heavy as they degrade.
• Employees don’t like moving them around
• Little room to store Mats in service station the non rainy season.

Finally, the mats often pose a trip hazard as they can change  from the elements.  At trip and fall by either and employee or customer is never a good thing.
Steel Camel Water Blocking Products
Seeing that the rubber mats were not working very well,  Steel Camel create water blocking products with its patented water blocking technology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLj95QLErDs&t=10s .
 
Each products works by suing the water blocking principals in the chemistry.  The more it rains, the more they each block water. Three products are currently on the Steel Camel roster.
 

• AquaBlock Gel:  The original and most used of the three. Easy to Apply with caulking gun.
• Camel Dough:  More robust than the gel…used for cracks and wear patterns.
• Dead Snake:  Newest edition…..mostly for sumps where inspectors and contractors are the ones opening.

More details can be found at https://www.steelcamel.com/water-removing-filters.html
​

​How Long Do the Products Last?
The longevity of each product is different.  The AquaBlok Gel is averaging 2-3 week at a normal station and 1-2 weeks at a super busy station.  The application with a caulking gun is quite simple and costs about $9.00 per application.

​The Dead Snakes are lasting 3-4 months even during harsh winters and heavy rains.  They products are meant to be used by contractors, store owners and inspectors who are maintaining the station and typically the ones to open lids.

​In summary,  rubber mats look great on the surface…….until mother nature or the public kicks in……..both unavoidable.  Steel Camel products have both innovative technology and innovative applications to solve this complex problem of water intrusion.  For more information, please contact Steel Camel at 813-877-4665.

It is a given that UST sumps contain lots or dissimilar metals, often which are porous.  It is also a given that there are going to some forms of water or humidity in the sumps.  Also, some fuel vapors, primarily ones with organics (corn) excrete a bacteria that creates an acid.  This combination results in rust that can wreak significant havoc and cause component to failure.

​ 
One of the first attempts to combat this problem by industry contractors and station owners was to go to some form of paint or coating. The main reason is these products are  readily available.  The theory is that one can cover or smother the metal to cut off the oxygen, thus prevent rust.  After seeing the results of rust coming back after six months, many contractors and station owners moved to more aggressive / durable coating and more aggressive preparation.  Unfortunately, paint prep often involves removing metal, which ultimately weakens the metal.  Another attempt by industry was to use an acid as preparation product such as Naval Jelly.   The problems with this preparation is it requires a rinse, which creates a hazard waste.  Also using acids in sumps can have negative effects on metal if not rinsed properly.
The next problems contractors encountered with paints & coating was adhesion problems.  The metals are porous, the surfaces are imperfect and not all metals readily accept paints and coatings.  So many contractors tried to overcoat the surfaces and really smother the surfaces.  What happens is the rust underneath the paint expands and causes blisters and paint no longer to adhere creating another set up problems.  One problem is inspectors could not see rust hidden by the paint.  Another problem was it became very difficult to remove fasteners and other components during repairs or replacement, thus increasing labor and safety concerns. Furthermore, removing paint in confined spaces is a major headache.

Another problems with paints and coatings in sumps is they often the cure hard and become rigid.  The problems with such characteristics is the pumps vibrate, and metals expand and contract during temperature swings. This can lead to cracks, which allow the water to creep under the paint and due further damage.
 
In summary,  paints and coatings simply du not hold up well in confined spaces with humidity and vibration.  Contractors and station owners are better off with corrosion treatments, such as the one Steel Camel offers.

​For additional information alternative products to paint to slow down corrosion,  please contact Steel Camel at 813-877-4665

​Dan Jenkins: Tampa, FL

Long before electronic surface mount technologies were invented, moisture caused corrosion problems on metallic surfaces. From ancient swords and armor, to Egyptian jewelry to early telephone cable, metal components always want to return to its original state and the oxidation / corrosion problems process began.  Early attempts to preserve and protect metal included animal fats, organic oils and coatings made from ashes, minerals and tree sap etc.
​
In today’s world of surface mounted technology, the problems are no different. Metal components are placed in confined spaces and when temperatures change, humidity happens.  When this liquid or vapor lands and sits on the metal, general corrosion occurs. Corrosion on boards causes failures, and failures cost the industry millions of dollars to fix. To protect these boards from failure moisture induced corrosion, manufacturers, assemblers and packagers have turned to different technologies to solve this issue.  One way is with a conformal coating which is thin film.  Often times they work great and there are no problems.  Other times, the crack and cause all types of problems, including removal.

 In this article we will focus on different types of drying agents or desiccants.  In another article we will cover other types of corrosion occur such as pitting, galvanic and stress.

Let’s start of my understanding what a desiccant is and does. A desiccant is basically a drying agent.  Most folks are accustomed to seeing them in pill bottles, vitamins and beef jerky.  Today, many in the surface mount technology community are seeing them show up in individually packaged components. 

One of the reasons for this is the Military Specification D-3464.  This specification was written in 1967 with minor revision in 1987….that was a long time ago.  This spec calls for a desiccant which acts as an adsorbent, not be confused with an absorbent.  While the words sound the same, they have different meanings.  An adsorbent works by moisture sticking to the surface of desiccant.  An absorbent works by the moisture being soaked up and held by the substrate.  A baby diaper works on this principle; however, a baby diaper will not grab moisture from the air.

​If you get deeper into industry specs and industry standards such as the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC)  Institute for Printed Circuits IPC, you will find they too reference the Mil-D-3464 spec, which includes a placement of adsorbent desiccant and a Humidity Indicator Card.
 
So, what’s the problem? If the spec is good enough for the military and good enough for the two leading PCB / electronic associations, why should I care?.....Here is why…
 
The adsorbent, often times referred to as Silica Gel Beads or Molecular Sieves are basically dried sand or Silica, baked in an oven.  The baking creates tons of miniature cracks that help adhere the moisture to the surfaces.  Sounds great on the surface, but let’s look a little deeper.

​There are two main problems. First, due to the material being rigid, the beads do not hold much moisture.  So, if your boards are sitting in a hot warehouse or on a ship with lots of temperature changes, the Silica Gel beads can’t handle the volume of moisture and the HIC is triggered.
 
The second main problem is knockoffs and quality checks. Due to the low cost of raw materials, many bags are made overseas and in large volumes which makes quality control difficult.

​They are incredibly inexpensive. A simple 2”x2’ bag can be as low as .25 cents and if you purchase them in China, you can get them for .12 cents.  Another advantage of Silica Gel beads are they are treated with chemical dye which will provide a color change to alert the operator when to change out.  There are some who claim Silica Gel beads can be regenerated in an oven, but with that low of price, why bother.

​Absorbents, such as the Moisture Hog sold by Steel Camel, not only feature an expandable surface to grab more moisture, but they also hold the water by converting water into a non-water element and make it dry.   See video youtube.com/watch?v=kli3OMrFUD4)  Another advantage of Moisture Hog absorbent is will seek out moisture lurking in the package.  Due to these features, the operator will be able to desiccate a much greater volume of air, thus put more board in per package.  Often 10 to 15 time more volume.  This feature saves labor and packaging material.
 
Another advantage of Moisture Hog absorbent is the change indicator.  Instead of a color change, the Moisture Hog bag will change shape and texture.  Depending on the situation, it will either blow up like a pillow, or get hard like a rock to notify the operator a change is needed.

​The Steel Camel Moisture Hog price per bag is more expensive compared to Silica Gel and Molecular Sieves.  Often 10-15 times more (which offset by the volume of air desiccated)  Another disadvantage is they chemistry cannot be regenerated.  Finally, availability. Steel Camel is not Walmart or Amazon.  Expect 5-7 days for delivery in the US, 8-12 days abroad.

​If you are not having and moisture problems, rejected shipments or component failures due to moisture, stick with Silica Gel Beads and Molecular Sieve adsorbents.  If you are having such moisture problems, consider trying the Moisture Hog by Steel Camel…..particularly for your expensive critical moisture sensitive devices.